It's a person who has formally applied for international protection in Italy and is waiting for a decision. They receive a permit valid for the duration of the procedure, and have access to reception services and the SSN.
Asylum seekers are protected from being returned to their home country while their claim is being considered. Their permit is temporary, but renewable each step of the process.
Being a richiedente asilo isn't the same as being recognised as a refugee. Until the Commissione decides, the person is in the procedure, not in a confirmed status.
Official source
Ministero dell'Interno
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