It's a National Visa for non-EU researchers coming to Italy under a hosting agreement with an Italian research institution. The institution sponsors the visa and outlines the research program and resources.
It avoids the standard Decreto Flussi route and is built around the EU researchers' directive. Researchers also get certain intra-EU mobility rights for short stays in other member states.
It's tied to the research project at a specific institution. Switching institutions can require updating or replacing the permit, depending on the case.
Official source
Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca
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