It's a National Visa for non-EU citizens travelling to Italy for medical treatment that isn't available or accessible in their home country. Family members can sometimes accompany the patient under specific rules.
It's a recognised legal route for medical tourism within an organised treatment plan. The applicant usually needs proof of treatment, financial means, and accommodation.
The visa is tied to a specific treatment plan and provider. Changing the purpose of stay (for example, to work or study) usually requires a different permit.
Official source
Ministero degli Affari Esteri
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